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Curious about Acute Leukemia in adults? Dive into our blog where medical insights meet individual resilience.

Ever found yourself lost in the intricate world of medical jargon, curious about learning the impact adults face with Acute Leukemia? 

Let us walk you through the complicated subject of acute leukemia in adults – a condition that demands your attention and understanding. 

As we go further, you’ll not only grasp the essentials of acute leukemia in adults but also discover insights that can shape how you face it.

So, let’s quickly dive in…

As per research published in Blood Cancer Journal, about 80% of all acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cases occur in children; however, when the disease is detected in adults, it can pose a significant threat.

Cancer develops when cells in the body start multiplying uncontrollably. There are several types of cancer. The development of cancerous cells is possible in virtually every part of the body. 

Let us go ahead and understand basic to advanced concepts associated with acute leukemia in adults. 

What Is Leukemias? 

 Leukemias are tumors that begin in cells that ordinarily mature into several types of blood cells. Most leukemias begin in the early stages of white blood cells, although others begin in other types of blood cells.

There are various forms of leukemia, which are distinguished primarily by whether the leukemia is acute (rapidly developing) or chronic (slowly growing), as well as whether it begins in myeloid or lymphoid cells. 

Knowing the kind of leukemia helps experts anticipate each patient’s outlook and choose the appropriate treatment.

Learn more about leukemia types and cures.

What is Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia in Adults?

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), is a form of cancer that affects both the blood and the bone marrow, which is the spongy tissue found inside bones and is responsible for the production of blood cells.

As a result of the rapid progression of the disease and the production of immature blood cells rather than mature ones, the term “acute” is used to describe acute lymphocytic leukemia. When referring to acute lymphocytic leukemia, the term “lymphocytic” specifically refers to the white blood cells known as lymphocytes, which are affected by ALL.

An alternative name for acute lymphocytic leukemia is acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

The most prevalent form of cancer in children is acute lymphocytic leukemia, and the therapies that are available for this disease result in a good likelihood of curing it. Adults can also be diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia; however, the likelihood of a cure is significantly lower.

What are the Symptoms of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia in Adults?

Each person may have different signs of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia. Among the most common symptoms are:

Bleeding from the Gums:

 Unusual bleeding that starts in the gums, potentially indicating disruptions in the blood clotting process.

Bone Pain:

Aching or discomfort in the bones, suggests the impact of leukemia on the bone marrow where blood cells are produced.

Fever:

Persistent or recurring high body temperature is a common response to the body fighting against abnormal cell growth.

Frequent Infections:

Repeated or persistent infections reflect the compromised immune system due to the prevalence of immature blood cells.

Frequent or Severe Nosebleeds:

Nosebleeds that occur frequently or are unusually severe are indicative of potential issues with blood clotting.

Lumps Caused by Swollen Lymph Nodes:

Noticeable lumps in the neck, armpits, abdomen, or groin areas, resulting from swollen lymph nodes reacting to abnormal cell activity.

Pale Skin:

Unusual paleness of the skin, a sign of anemia caused by a shortage of healthy red blood cells.

Shortness of Breath:

Difficulty in breathing is potentially linked to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity due to a decrease in red blood cells.

Weakness, Fatigue, or General Decrease in Energy:

Overwhelming tiredness, weakness, or a notable decline in overall energy levels is often associated with the body’s struggle against leukemia’s impact on normal blood cell production.

Night Sweats:

The amount and warmth of sweat can help you figure out if night sweats are linked to leukemia or other blood cancers.

You may have severe night sweats, even in a cold environment, and wake up soaked in perspiration and this could be a sign of leukemia as per the study shown by Leukaemia Care.  

These symptoms collectively provide a glimpse into the detailed challenges that individuals with acute lymphocytic leukemia may face. 

What are the causes of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?

The development of mutation in the genetic material or DNA of a bone marrow cell is that which leads to the development of acute lymphocytic leukemia. 

Normal DNA Function:

DNA tells cells how to make proteins and other chemicals that are necessary for their structure and function. This is done by DNA, it guides a cell’s development and lifespan, ensuring it grows at a predetermined rate and dies at a predetermined time.

Aberrations in DNA:

Mutations provide a signal to bone marrow cells, telling them to continue uncontrolled development and division, which disrupts the usual programming of cell survival cycles.

Uncontrolled Blood Cell Production:

The above function causes a crazy increase in the number of blood cells being made. Immature cells are the primary occurrence in the bone marrow, where they change into lymphoblasts, which are white blood cells that are linked to leukemia.

Malfunctioning Lymphoblasts:

These abnormal lymphoblasts deviate from normal operations. They not only fail to function properly but also have the potential to accumulate, making it challenging for the body to distinguish between healthy and abnormal cells.

Complex Origins of DNA Alterations:

We are still not sure where the DNA changes that cause acute lymphocytic leukemia come from. The intricate interplay of factors contributing to these mutations remains a subject of ongoing research.

There is a lack of comprehensive understanding of the origin of the illness, which is the DNA abnormalities that might lead to acute lymphocytic leukemia.

How is Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Diagnosed?

When it comes to identifying and understanding Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL), a comprehensive approach is taken through a series of diagnostic procedures. 

This process begins as follows:

Blood Tests:

Blood tests are done to unveil abnormalities in blood cell counts.

Too many or too few white blood cells, inadequate red blood cells, low platelet count, and the presence of blast cells—immature cells typically found in the bone marrow.

Bone Marrow Test (Aspiration and Biopsy):

A needle extracts a sample of bone marrow from the hipbone or breastbone.

The lab scrutinizes the sample to identify leukemia cells.Doctors classify blood cells based on size, shape, genetic features, and molecular characteristics. This helps in determining the type of leukemia and developing a tailored treatment plan.

Imaging Tests:

To assess the extent of cancer spread certain tests are performed to understand the depth of the cancer spread. 

Doctors use X-rays, computerized tomography (CT) scans, or ultrasound scans to look at different parts of the body, such as the brain, spinal cord, or other body parts.

Spinal Fluid Test (Lumbar Puncture):

Involves collecting spinal fluid through a lumbar puncture or spinal tap.

To examine whether cancer cells have infiltrated the spinal fluid, providing insights into the potential spread of leukemia.

What are the risk factors linked with acute lymphocytic leukemia?

Adults, who have undergone certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for previous cancer treatments may face an increased risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Exposure to Radiation:

People exposed to exceptionally high levels of radiation, such as survivors of a nuclear reactor accident, are at an elevated risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Genetic Disorders:

Certain genetic disorders, like Down syndrome, are linked to an increased susceptibility to acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Support and Information:

MedicoExpert’s Tumor Board provides comprehensive care for acute lymphocytic leukemia. The team brings together a group of experienced health professionals, with each adding their unique perspective to make sure you get the best care possible. 

The MedicoExperts’s Tumor Board is committed to empowering you with more power by offering insights beginning with the diagnosis and continuing through treatment and beyond.

Associated Procedures:

Medicoexpert offers various associated procedures for acute lymphocytic leukemia diagnosis and treatment, including bone marrow biopsy, bone marrow transplant, and chemotherapy.

Understanding these risk factors and seeking support from reputable medical platforms helps navigate the challenges associated with acute lymphocytic leukemia.

What are the Treatment options for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia?

The journey of treating Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) in adults involves a strategic plan divided into distinct phases, each playing a crucial role in battling this blood cancer. 

It has been reported by the National Cancer Institute that there are a number of different therapy options available.

Let us see them in detail:

Chemotherapy:

The use of drugs to eliminate cancer cells. It is a cornerstone in the induction therapy and may also be employed during consolidation and maintenance phases.

Targeted Therapy:

Targeting specific abnormalities within cancer cells, this treatment prompts the death of cancer cells. It can be used alone or combined with chemotherapy in various treatment phases.

Radiation Therapy:

High-powered beams, such as X-rays or protons, are utilized to destroy cancer cells. If the cancer spreads to the central nervous system, radiation therapy may be recommended.

Bone Marrow Transplant:

It involves replacing leukemic bone marrow with leukemia-free marrow from a compatible donor. It is utilized in consolidation therapy or for treating relapse.

CAR-T Cell Therapy:

A cutting-edge treatment engineering germ-fighting T cells to combat cancer. This might be an option, especially for children and young adults, in consolidation therapy or relapse treatment.

Clinical Trials:

In clinical trials, new medicines and standard treatments are being tested. While uncertain, they provide an opportunity for the latest advancements. Discussing benefits and risks with the doctor is crucial.

Additional Treatment Therapy: 

Some of the additional treatment therapies are as follows: 

Induction Therapy:

The initial phase aims to eliminate the majority of leukemia cells in the blood and bone marrow while restoring normal blood cell production.

Consolidation Therapy (Post-Remission):

Targeting any remaining leukemia cells, this phase intensifies the assault to ensure complete eradication of the disease from the body.

Maintenance Therapy:

This extended phase focuses on preventing the resurgence of leukemia cells. Treatment during this stage involves lower doses administered over an extended period, often spanning years.

Spinal Cord Preventive Treatment:

 Throughout the treatment phases, additional measures are taken to eliminate leukemia cells in the central nervous system. Chemotherapy drugs may be injected directly into the spinal fluid as part of this preventive approach.

What are the chances of survival of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)?

Your doctor utilizes information derived from various tests and procedures to evaluate your prognosis and formulate suitable treatment options. 

Unlike some other cancers that utilize numerical stages to indicate the extent of spread, acute lymphocytic leukemia doesn’t follow such staging.

Instead, the severity of your condition is assessed based on:

• The type of lymphocytes implicated, distinguishing between B cells and T cells. (B cells – B cells make antibodies that fight germs and viruses. T cells – Link and activate the immune cells that help to regulate responses from the immune system.)
• The specific genetic alterations present in your leukemia cells.
• Your age.
• Findings from laboratory tests, including the count of white blood cells identified in a blood sample.

The treatment duration for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia can extend from two to three years, tailored to the individual’s situation.

Considering individuals aged 65 and older, complications from treatments tend to be more prevalent. 

It is advisable to have a comprehensive discussion with your doctor, weighing your overall health, personal goals, and preferences.

Conclusion:

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) can happen to anyone, but kids and teens are more likely to get it. It is a kind of cancer that affects both the bone marrow and the blood.  The rate at which this particular form of cancer spreads is fairly rapid. But patients with ALL are living longer now since there are better treatment options. 

A patient’s life with ALL, even if it’s treated is still hard in some ways. But in this journey, having a reliable source of guidance and expertise becomes paramount. 

MedicoExpert’s Tumor Board stands as a support. Comprising a team of medical professionals, this platform provides personalized insights and collaborative strategies for managing Acute Leukemia in Adults.  

The Tumor Board brings together specialists from various fields, fostering a comprehensive approach to treatment decisions. This collaborative effort ensures that individuals facing Acute Leukemia receive tailored, evidence-based recommendations, empowering them to make informed choices about their health.

Your journey with Acute Leukemia will differ for each individual, and MedicoExpert is here to assist you at every step. Whether you seek guidance, a second opinion, or a comprehensive treatment plan, our Tumor Board is ready to support you. Allow us to guide you by booking an appointment.

FAQ :

The Whipple procedure, also known as pancreaticoduodenectomy, accounts for approximately 60% of all pancreatic surgeries, emphasizing its pivotal role in treating pancreatic cancer.

If you have pancreatic cancer, your chance of survival with the Whipple procedure will increase if your cancer has not spread to organs beyond the pancreas. 

Your battle against a pancreatic tumor can be a challenging journey and there are lot of information you need to have before you make the final decision to go for the surgery. 

Let us know some details about the surgical technique and find out the best treatment and comprehensive care. 

What is Whipple Procedure?

The Whipple procedure, also known as a pancreaticoduodenectomy, is a surgical procedure primarily used to treat tumors in the head of the pancreas. It involves the removal of the head of the pancreas, part of the small intestine (duodenum), a portion of the bile duct, the gallbladder, and sometimes part of the stomach.

 It is considered a complex and major surgery, often used to treat pancreatic cancer that has not spread beyond the pancreas. 

Survival Rate of the Whipple Procedure

Pancreatic cancer is known for its poor survival rate, with only about 6% of patients living five years after diagnosis due to its tendency to grow and spread before causing symptoms. However, for some patients, the Whipple procedure may extend life and potentially cure the cancer. 

Those who undergo a successful Whipple procedure may have a five-year survival rate of up to 25%. This surgery may be the only way to extend life and potentially cure cancer for people with cancer in the pancreas or nearby organs. 

Preparing for a Whipple Procedure

In preparation, you will have a preoperative meeting with your surgeon to discuss the upcoming steps. This is an opportune time to address any concerns and inquire about the potential impact of the procedure on your daily life.

If you have cancer, you may require radiation or chemotherapy treatment before the operation. Before the scheduled Whipple procedure, you must discontinue certain medications and herbal supplements, as advised by your doctor.

The day before your hospital admission, you may be required to:

• Refrain from eating or drinking for 8 hours before the scheduled time.

• Take your blood pressure medication with a small sip of water.

• Ensure that you have arranged for transportation home from the hospital, preferably with a friend or family member.

Upon your arrival at the hospital, the doctor will administer a numbing drug into your spine, known as an epidural catheter, to alleviate post-surgery pain.

The Whipple Procedure: Surgical Process

The Whipple procedure can be performed through various methods, including open, laparoscopic, and robotic surgeries. 

The open approach typically involves a single long incision in the abdomen to access the pancreas and nearby organs. In contrast, laparoscopic surgery utilizes several small incisions, with a camera guiding the surgeon’s actions, and robotic surgery involves using a surgical “robot” controlled by the surgeon through a console and camera. 

Compared to open surgery, minimally invasive procedures may result in less blood loss, a shorter hospital stay, a quicker recovery, and fewer complications.

The key steps of the Whipple procedure include:

1. Accessing the Pancreas 

The surgeon makes a large incision or several small incisions in the abdomen to reach the pancreas.

2. Tumor Removal 

The cancerous or damaged part of the pancreas, along with the nearby small bowel (duodenum), the lower part of the bile duct, the gallbladder, and possibly a portion of the stomach, is removed.

3. Reconnection

The surgeon reconnects the pancreas and bile duct to the small intestine, allowing for the normal flow of digestive contents.

4. Restoration of Digestive Function 

The stomach and small intestine are reattached to enable the normal passage of food through the gastrointestinal tract post-surgery.

Complications Related to Whipple Surgery 

After undergoing a Whipple procedure, approximately one in three individuals experience postoperative complications, ranging from mild to severe. One common occurrence following the procedure is the development of false channels (fistulas) and leakage from the site of bowel reconnection.

Other possible surgical complications include

1. Weight Loss

Many individuals may experience weight loss post-surgery due to altered calorie digestion and absorption.

2. Diabetes

Removal of a significant portion of the pancreas may impact insulin production, potentially affecting blood sugar control. However, if you have normal blood sugar before surgery you are less likely to develop diabetes, and if you recently developed diabetes before surgery you may even see an improvement in your condition.

3. Malabsorption

Insufficient digestive enzymes from the pancreas can lead to difficulties in absorbing fats, sugars, or other nutrients from food, resulting in symptoms such as bloating, gas, diarrhea, or increased bowel movements. 

4. Lactose Intolerance

Some individuals may experience difficulty digesting lactose after the surgery, which may improve over time. 

Role of MedicoExperts in Whipple Surgery Pre and Post-operative Care  

MedicoExperts play a crucial role in the Whipple procedure, offering specialized care and expertize in the treatment of pancreatic cancer and other related digestive system conditions. These medical professionals are instrumental in providing comprehensive support and guidance throughout the entire process, from initial consultation to postoperative care.

MedicoExperts assist in identifying suitable candidates for the Whipple procedure through intensive testing and evaluation, ensuring that patients meet the necessary criteria for the surgery. They work closely with patients to discuss the risks and benefits of the procedure, helping them make informed decisions about their treatment options.

The expertise of MedicoExperts extends to the performance of the Whipple procedure itself, with specialized surgeons in pancreatic and gastrointestinal surgeries typically leading the surgical team. These highly skilled professionals are adept at performing intricate and complex surgeries, ensuring the best possible outcomes for patients undergoing the procedure.

Conclusion 

In conclusion, the Whipple procedure plays a critical role in the treatment of pancreatic cancer, offering hope for patients by potentially extending life and providing the possibility of a cure. It involves the intricate surgical removal of affected organs and tissues, demanding a significant recovery period and posing potential postoperative complications such as weight loss, diabetes, malabsorption, and lactose intolerance. 

Throughout the entire process, MedicoExperts, including specialized surgeons and multidisciplinary medical professionals, play a pivotal role. They guide you through the selection process, provide specialized surgical expertise, and deliver comprehensive support in the preparation and recovery phases, ensuring the best possible outcomes for you. 

FAQ 

Did you know that Targeted therapy focuses on specific cancer-driving molecules, while chemotherapy targets rapidly dividing cells more broadly?

When it comes to cancer treatment precision is paramount and targeted therapy and chemotherapy stand as prominent solutions. 

To choose between the two you need to understand the distinct characteristics of the two treatments, empowering you to make an informed decision in the journey to combat cancer.

So, here are 9 key differences between the two therapies. 

Targeted therapy Vs chemotherapy

Here are 9 key distinctions between targeted therapy and chemotherapy, shedding light on their diverse mechanisms, effects, and applications. 

1. How they work

Both procedures work differently and that can impact the person in different ways.

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy is used to fight cancer cells by attacking anything that’s increasing rapidly. The challenge is that it doesn’t discriminate too well, so it can affect both the cancer cells and healthy fast-growing cells. As a result, there can be side effects like hair loss and tiredness.

Targeted Therapy:

Now, targeted therapy is super precise. It focuses on specific proteins that tell the cancer cells to grow and divide. So, it’s like taking out the enemy’s command center. This means it can be gentler on the good cells because it’s not attacking everything in its path.

2. Treatment Scope

Both have differences in the scope of treatment too. 

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy is a versatile treatment utilized for a range of cancers characterized by rapidly dividing cells, making it a go-to option when a more generalized approach is needed to combat the fast growth of cancerous cells.

Targeted Therapy:

In contrast, targeted therapy is a more precise strategy. It is specifically employed for cancers with identified molecular targets. This method involves testing for specific biomarkers to pinpoint the unique features of the cancer cells, allowing for a tailored and focused treatment approach.

3. Side Effects

Both processes have their own sets of side effects. 

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy often leads to side effects such as hair loss, nausea, and fatigue because it affects not only rapidly dividing cancer cells but also healthy cells that grow quickly, causing temporary but noticeable changes in the body.

Targeted Therapy:

In contrast, targeted therapy tends to result in fewer side effects. While some common issues like diarrhea and liver problems may occur, the precision of this treatment minimizes the impact on healthy cells, making the overall experience less taxing on the patient.

4. Administration

The way these two processes are administered is different from each other, too. Let’s check how. 

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy is delivered through diverse methods, such as oral pills, intravenous infusion, injections into muscles or under the skin, and even in topical forms. The flexibility in administration allows for adaptation to the specific needs and conditions of the patient.

Targeted Therapy:

In contrast, targeted therapy is generally administered intravenously (into the veins), with a focus on precision. It often involves monoclonal antibodies or small-molecule drugs, providing a more direct and refined approach to target specific proteins involved in cancer growth. This method is commonly chosen for its accuracy in delivering the treatment to the right place in the body.

5. Immune System Interaction

These two procedures are different in terms of how they interact with the patient’s immune system.

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy carries the potential to compromise the immune system as it impacts not only cancer cells but also healthy rapidly dividing cells, temporarily weakening the body’s natural defense mechanisms.

Targeted Therapy:

In contrast, targeted therapy can enhance the immune system. It achieves this by marking cancer cells, making them more visible to the immune system, or by directly boosting the body’s immune response against the cancer, offering a dual-pronged approach to fighting the disease.

6. Resistance Development

Resistance in both targeted therapy and chemotherapy can arise as cancer cells adapt to the treatments, developing mechanisms that reduce the effectiveness of the initially applied drugs

Chemotherapy:

Resistance is a challenge in chemotherapy, where cancer cells may adapt to the treatment over time, and may turn the initially effective drugs less impactful as the cells develop mechanisms to fight their effects.

Targeted Therapy:

Similarly, in targeted therapy, resistance can occur due to changes in the target proteins that the therapy focuses on, or cancer cells finding alternative pathways for growth. 

7. Treatment Schedule

Chemotherapy and targeted therapy have different treatment schedules. 

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy follows a cyclical pattern, with treatment administered in cycles and intermittent rest periods, the duration of which varies depending on the type and stage of cancer being treated.

Targeted Therapy:

In contrast, the frequency of targeted therapy is contingent on the particular treatment, often given continuously or in cycles, aligning with the unique characteristics of the therapy and the patient’s response.

8. Cost

There is a considerable cost difference between the two therapies. 

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy is generally considered more cost-effective compared to targeted therapy, offering a budget-friendly approach to cancer treatment.

 Its cost in India starts at 3000 INR and it can go up to 50,000. 

Targeted Therapy:

On the other hand, targeted therapy may incur higher costs due to the intricate development and production processes involved in creating drugs specifically tailored to target molecular components in cancer cells. 

The cost of targeted therapy in India ranges from 1,80,000 INR and it can up to 3,50,000. 

9. Effect on Healthy Cells

Chemotherapy and targeted therapy have contrasting impacts on healthy cells. Here’s how they affect healthy cells. 

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy has a broader impact, damaging healthy cells along with cancerous ones, which often results in various side effects due to its effect on rapidly dividing cells.

Targeted Therapy

In contrast, targeted therapy is designed to be more precise, minimizing damage to healthy cells and thereby reducing the overall occurrence and severity of side effects typically associated with cancer treatments.

Conclusion

We have tried to cover all the key differences between targeted therapy and chemotherapy to help you in your decision-making process. 

These differences highlight the considerations you need to make while choosing the most effective and personalized approach to fight the challenges of cancer. As medical advancements continue, understanding these distinctions becomes increasingly vital for you to navigate the path toward optimal and tailored cancer care.

FAQs

Unlocking the Puzzle: Discover the Curability of Gastrointestinal Cancer!

Many questions may be troubling you if you or someone you care about is dealing with the alarming news of gastrointestinal cancer. “Is gastrointestinal cancer curable?” is likely one of the most critical.

This blog post will cover stomach cancer, its causes, recognition signs, diagnosis, and treatment options to provide an overview of this issue.

The central question: Is it possible to cure gastrointestinal cancer? will guide our research. In this complex and difficult subject, let us go further.

To get started, let’s analyze the elements that contribute to the occurrence of gastric cancer in India as well as the results of the disease.

Although a large number of people in the country are now receiving treatment for this particular form of cancer, there is an absence of shared materials that throw light on the possible causes of this medical condition and the efficacy of treatments for patients who have this sort of cancer.

What is Stomach Cancer (Gastric Cancer)?

The cells lining the stomach are the original sites of stomach cancer, which is also called gastric cancer. It’s critical to be conscious that stomach cancer can start anywhere in the stomach and, as it progresses, can spread to other organs and lymph nodes.

The stomach is situated just below the ribcage in the upper middle region of the abdomen. Its function is digestion and breakdown of the food you consume.

Gastrointestinal cancer can develop in any region of the stomach. In the majority of regions across the globe, stomach tumors predominantly manifest in the stomach body, the central portion of the stomach.

Recognizing the diverse forms of stomach cancer lays the groundwork for understanding its complexity. 

Who Does Gastrointestinal Cancer Affect?

Stomach cancer can affect anyone, but certain factors may increase the risk. Many factors together play a role in determining an individual’s exposure to stomach cancer.

Let us see them in detail:

Age: 

Stomach cancer is more common in older adults, with the risk increasing after the age of 50.

Gender: 

Compared to women, males have a greater probability of cancer of the gastrointestinal tract.

History:

 A family history of stomach cancer or certain genetic conditions can elevate the risk.

Lifestyle Choices: 

Smoking, a diet high in salty and smoked foods, and infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria (a kind of infection that makes your stomach sick. It can hurt the cells in your stomach.) are associated with increased risk.

Understanding the demographics and risk factors for stomach cancer is crucial for early detection and proactive management.

How Common is Gastrointestinal Cancer?

Gastrointestinal Cancer, collectively, ranks among the most prevalent cancers and is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. 

According to 2012 Globocan data, out of an estimated 1.01 million new cancer cases in India that year, around 227,000 were situated in the GI tract. Similarly, out of approximately 682,000 cancer-related deaths, about 182,000 were attributed to GI cancers.

But, in India, the occurrence of gastric cancer is generally lower than the global figure. The age-adjusted rate (AAR) of gastric cancer in urban registries across India ranges from 3.0 to 13.2, whereas the global AAR spans from 4.1 to 95.5.

What are the signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal Cancer?

In the early stages of GI cancer, you might not know you have it. There is also almost no way to feel GI tumors as they grow.

Because of this, GI cancers are often found during screenings before any signs show up. Either that or they are identified after getting worse enough to cause symptoms.

If GI cancer has spread enough to cause signs, they may include:

• Pain or cramps in the abdomen
• A stool that is bloody or very dark
• Any changes in your gut habits, like diarrhea, constipation, or changes in the stool’s texture or size
• Having trouble eating
• Problems with digestion
• Jaundice makes the eyes and face turn yellow.
• Vomiting and feeling sick
• Back pain and swelling
• Needing to sleep, feel weak, lose weight, or lose your hunger

The first step to detecting stomach cancer is recognizing its symptoms and seeking medical help right away.

Does a tumor in your stomach feel uncomfortable? 

Based on how far along the cancer is, your doctor may be able to feel a lump in your stomach when they do a physical check. 

Most of the time, though, signs involve feeling sensations within your abdomen. Your gut may feel full, swollen, or painful a lot of the time. As the disease gets worse, the pain may start mild and then get worse.

Routine medical examinations and screenings play a vital role in ensuring early detection.

What causes Gastrointestinal Cancer?

Gastrointestinal cancer happens when there’s a change in the DNA of your stomach cells, causing them to grow too quickly and form a tumor. These cancer cells can take over healthy cells and spread to other parts of your body.

Researchers aren’t exactly sure what causes this DNA change, but some things make it more likely for someone to develop stomach cancer. These factors include

Family History: 

If members of your family had GI cancer, it could increase your risk of developing it too, as there might be a genetic connection.

H. pylori Infection:

 Infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria in your stomach may contribute to the development of cancer, though the exact mechanism is not fully understood.

GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease): 

Frequent backflow of stomach acid into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach, known as GERD, could potentially lead to stomach cancer over time.

Gastritis: 

Inflammation of the stomach lining, known as gastritis, is a condition that might heighten the risk of stomach cancer.

Epstein-Barr Virus Infection: 

Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus is linked to an increased risk of stomach cancer, though this is a less common cause.

History of Stomach Ulcers or Polyps: 

Past issues with stomach ulcers or the presence of polyps in the stomach can be indicators of an elevated risk for stomach cancer.

Unhealthy Diet: 

Consuming a diet high in fatty, salty, smoked, or pickled foods, while lacking sufficient fruits and vegetables, may contribute to the development of stomach cancer.

Exposure to Certain Substances: 

Regular exposure to substances like coal, metal, or rubber in your environment may be associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer.

Smoking, Vaping, or Chewing Tobacco: 

Using tobacco in various forms, including smoking, vaping, or chewing, is a well-established risk factor for stomach cancer.

Excessive Alcohol Consumption: 

Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol regularly is linked to a higher risk of developing stomach cancer.

Obesity: 

Being significantly overweight, or obese, is a factor that increases the likelihood of stomach cancer.

Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis: 

The condition where the immune system attacks the stomach lining, known as autoimmune atrophic gastritis, is associated with an elevated risk of stomach cancer.

Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, and Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) are linked to an increased risk of GI cancer. Moreover, individuals with Type A blood may have a higher risk, although the reasons for this association remain uncertain.

How is Gastrointestinal Cancer Diagnosed?

To diagnose Gastrointestinal cancer, your doctor will ask about your medical history, and symptoms, and perform a physical exam, which may include feeling for any unusual masses in your stomach. 

Several tests help diagnose and determine the stage of stomach cancer.

Staging, ranging from 0 to IV, assesses how much the cancer has spread. Stage 0 means it’s only in the stomach lining, while Stage IV indicates spread to other organs.

Common diagnostic methods include:

Upper endoscopy: 

A thin tube with a camera (endoscope) is used to examine your stomach, allowing your doctor to take a tissue sample for biopsy.

Endoscopic ultrasound: 

This specialized endoscopy helps stage the cancer by using an ultrasound probe to take pictures of your stomach, revealing if it has spread beyond the lining.

Radiologic tests: 

CT scans, barium swallow, MRI, and PET scans can identify tumors and abnormalities, showing if cancer has spread.

Blood tests: 

Blood tests play a crucial role in assessing organ function, providing valuable insights into the potential spread of cancer. 

Laparoscopy: 

If other methods don’t provide enough information, this surgical procedure allows direct visualization of your organs through small abdominal cuts.

However, if you have risk factors, your doctor may recommend regular procedures like upper endoscopy for early detection. Discuss your risk factors with your doctor to determine the appropriate screening plan.

How is Gastrointestinal Cancer treated?

The treatment for Gastrointestinal cancer depends on how much it has spread, your overall health, and your treatment preferences. 

A team of healthcare professionals, including your primary care provider, a cancer specialist (oncologist), and a gastrointestinal specialist (gastroenterologist), will guide you through your options.

Surgery:

In the early stages, when the cancer is limited to the superficial layers of your stomach, a gastroenterologist may use an upper endoscopy to cut and remove the tumor.

If the cancer has spread beyond the surface, surgery might involve removing part (subtotal gastrectomy) or all (total gastrectomy) of your stomach. 

Your esophagus will be connected to your small intestine so you can still eat after total gastrectomy.

Other Treatments:

Other therapies that directly target cancer cells are as follows:

Chemotherapy (Chemo): 

Doctors use medicines to make cancer cells smaller before surgery and to kill any leftover cells afterward.

It’s often combined with radiation and may include targeted drug therapy.

Radiation: 

Targeted energy beams like X-rays destroy cancer cells. While not effective alone, it can be used with chemo before and after surgery to treat stomach cancer and alleviate symptoms.

Targeted Drug Therapy: 

This treatment focuses on weaknesses in cancer cells, often used with chemo for recurring or advanced cancer. This type of therapy aims to minimize damage to healthy cells, focusing on the unique characteristics of cancer cells. 

Immunotherapy: 

It stimulates the immune system to identify and attack cancer cells, even those that may be challenging to detect. By harnessing the power of your immune system, immunotherapy offers a unique way to combat cancer, often with fewer side effects than traditional treatments. 

Palliative Care:

This specialized medical care aims to improve your health quality during and after cancer treatment. 

It includes relief for symptoms and additional support from doctors, nurses, and specialists. You can get palliative care along with other treatments.

Remember, your care team will guide you through these options, considering your specific situation and preferences.

Is Gastrointestinal Cancer Curable if Caught Early?

The outlook for Gastrointestinal cancer varies a lot on what stage it is found in. If gastrointestinal cancer is found early, it is more likely to be able to be cured with surgery, chemotherapy, and other focused treatments.

Surgery to remove the growth and surrounding tissue may be used to treat stomach cancer that is still in its early stages.

To get rid of any leftover cancer cells, a mix of treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy may be suggested. It is very important to get regular follow-up care to look for signs of a return.

Ongoing research and clinical trials aim to identify innovative approaches to enhance the curability of stomach cancer.

While challenges exist, there is expectancy. Gastrointestinal cancer is not always a threatening prognosis, especially when diagnosed early and treated comprehensively.

Conclusion

There are both hard times and signs of a desire on the path through the complex context of cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Early discovery becomes an indicator, which greatly affects how well this disease can be cured. As we learn more about stomach cancer, it’s important to stay mindful, get regular checkups, and take charge of your health.

Talking to medical experts is the best way to get personalized help and the latest information. Our reliable source of medical information, MedicoExpert’s Tumor Board, allows you to get in touch with skilled experts. 

This collaborative platform brings together a team of experienced medical professionals, including oncologists, gastroenterologists, surgeons, radiologists, and other specialists, to collectively analyze and strategize the best course of action for each patient.

Leave a comment below if you want to ask a question or share your ideas. Your questions and experiences help build a community where information and understanding come together.

Having tumors in the stomach is a tough problem to solve, but with information, awareness, and teamwork, we can make progress toward recovery and optimism.

Frequently Asked Questions:

For a pancreatic cancer patient, assessing types of pancreatic surgery is important. Up to 20 percent of patients could qualify for surgery, providing a potential cure for many.

Pancreatic surgery, while crucial for treating various conditions, can lead to complications such as pancreatic fistula, bleeding, infection, and delayed gastric emptying (undigested food remaining in the stomach).

To understand treatment options for pancreatic disorders, or support your loved ones undergoing surgery, understanding the different types of surgery is important.

So, here’s everything you need to know about pancreatic surgeries.

What are the types of pancreatic surgery?

Pancreatic surgery involves various procedures aimed at treating different conditions related to the pancreas. Here are some of the different types of pancreatic surgery:

1. Central pancreatectomy

Central Pancreatectomy is a surgical procedure involving the removal of the middle portion of the pancreas. It is often used to treat tumors or lesions located in the central region of the pancreas while preserving the surrounding healthy tissue. This procedure aims to minimize the risk of postoperative diabetes and exocrine insufficiency associated with traditional pancreatectomy procedures.

This procedure may be particularly suitable for patients with small pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) at the neck of the pancreas. Although not frequently performed, central pancreatectomy appears to be an oncologically safe surgical option for selected patients, with a higher postoperative morbidity rate compared to other radical procedures for pancreatic lesions.

2. Total Pancreatectomy

It is a surgical procedure involving the complete removal of the pancreas. It is typically performed to treat severe cases of chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or other conditions affecting the entire pancreas. After this procedure, patients require lifelong insulin and enzyme replacement therapy to manage diabetes and digestive issues.

The indications for total pancreatectomy include cases where a life-threatening hemorrhage and sepsis can occur due to pancreatic fistula, and in cases of recurrence. It has been used to treat both benign and malignant diseases of the pancreas, although its use has been limited by concerns about the management of long-term complications, including diabetes.

If you are undergoing total pancreatectomy, you may experience long-term complications, including the onset of diabetes in all cases, except when successful islet cell transplantation ( islet cells are cells in the pancreas for hormone production) is performed.

Additionally, delayed gastric emptying (food is sitting for too long in the stomach) is a common condition that often resolves itself over time.

Total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation can also be considered for chronic pancreatitis when other therapies fail. Islet autotransplantation has the potential to relieve pain and preserve beta-cell mass in patients.

3. Robotic Distal Pancreatectomy

Robotic distal pancreatectomy (RDP) is a surgical procedure that involves using a robotic surgical system to remove the distal (tail) portion of the pancreas. Studies have shown comparable outcomes to traditional laparoscopic procedures, with potential benefits such as improved spleen preservation.

RDP involves the use of a robotic surgical system. It is considered a safe and feasible option for selective distal pancreatic lesions, with perioperative outcome profiles comparable to laparoscopic and open distal pancreatectomies.

There is some discussion about the cost-effectiveness of RDP compared to open and laparoscopic distal pancreatectomies. Although the total cost may be a little bit on the higher side, robotic distal pancreatectomies are much safer as compared to open and laparoscopic procedures.

4. Whipple Procedure

The Whipple procedure, also known as pancreaticoduodenectomy, is a complex surgical operation primarily used to treat tumors and conditions in the pancreas, small intestine, and bile ducts. It involves the removal and reconstruction of the head of the pancreas, the first part of the small intestine (duodenum), the gallbladder, and the bile duct:

The Whipple procedure is often used to treat pancreatic cancer that hasn’t spread beyond the pancreas.

Only about 20% of pancreatic cancer patients are eligible for the Whipple procedure and other surgeries. These are usually patients whose tumors are confined to the head of the pancreas and haven’t spread into any nearby major blood vessels, the liver, lungs, or abdominal cavity.

The Whipple procedure is a complex operation and can have serious risks. However, it is often considered a life-saving surgery.

You may undergo outpatient chemotherapy before or after surgery, or both, depending on the type and stage of the tumor.

Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or clinical trials are alternatives to the Whipple procedure, depending on the specific situation.

The recovery period after the Whipple procedure can vary, and patients typically stay in the hospital for one to two weeks following the surgery.

What is the Role of MedicoExperts in treating pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer?

MedicoExperts play a significant role in treating pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer by employing a tumor board approach, where highly skilled medical, surgical, and radiation oncologists collaborate closely to achieve the best possible treatment outcome.

This approach aims to improve survival rates in pancreatic cancer patients and offers a new way to ensure successful outcomes.

Additionally, MedicoExperts, as a global virtual hospital, provides quality healthcare services to patients worldwide, ensuring access to the best possible treatment. This multidisciplinary approach and global accessibility contribute to enhancing the overall care for individuals with pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.

Conclusion

Pancreatic surgery consists of various types, including the Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy) for tumors in the head of the pancreas, distal pancreatectomy for tumors in the body or tail, and total pancreatectomy for extensive disease.

These surgeries aim to remove cancerous or diseased tissue, offering potential curative benefits. However, pancreatic cancers are often diagnosed at advanced stages, limiting the effectiveness of surgery as the sole treatment.

Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach involving surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy is crucial for managing pancreatic cancer. Additionally, you can have better outcomes and survival because of advancements in surgical techniques like robotic procedures.

FAQ :

References

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4229532/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7035443/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3866069/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8231987/